Evaluation of Cost, Returns, and Constraints in Ridge Gourd Cultivation: A Friedman Test Analysis in Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh

Authors

  • Sachin Kumar Verma Department of Agricultural Economics, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya Author
  • Shiv Kumar Department of Agricultural Economics, J.V. (P.G.) College Baraut Baghpat (U.P) Author
  • Yogendra Kumar Department of Extension Education, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71371/ijafri.1105-09

Keywords:

Output Ratio, Cost and Returns, Friedman

Abstract

The study reveals that ridge gourd production costs vary significantly, with human labour being the most significant cost. Medium-sized farms have higher yields, gross incomes, and net profits, while marginal farms have the lowest. However, marginal farms are more efficient in input utilization. Ridge gourd cultivation is profitable across all farm sizes, with an average net income of Rs. 78,244 per hectare. However, growers face constraints such as unstable market value, high input costs, pest and disease management, market fluctuations, transportation issues, high seed costs, and lack of knowledge and training.

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Published

2026-05-27

Versions

Issue

IJAFRI: Vol 1, Issue 1, January-June 2026

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Sachin Kumar Verma, Shiv Kumar, & Yogendra Kumar. (2026). Evaluation of Cost, Returns, and Constraints in Ridge Gourd Cultivation: A Friedman Test Analysis in Hardoi District, Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Agro Frontier Research and Innovation, 1(1), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.71371/ijafri.1105-09 (Original work published 2026)